While most of us expect to see bandwagon arguments in advertising (e.g., "three out of four people think X brand toothpaste cleans teeth best"), this fallacy can easily sneak its way into everyday meetings and conversations. Arguments in this style don't take into account whether or not the population validating the argument is actually qualified to do so, or if contrary evidence exists. Popularity alone is not enough to validate an argument, though it's often used as a standalone justification of validity.
Just because a significant population of people believe a proposition is true, doesn't automatically make it true. Lola: You're saying we should throw our money away on external resources instead of building up our in-house design team? That's going to hurt our company in the long run. John: I think we should hire someone to redesign our website. Instead of fully addressing your actual argument, speakers relying on this fallacy present a superficially similar - but ultimately not equal - version of your real stance, helping them create the illusion of easily defeating you. This fallacy occurs when your opponent over-simplifies or misrepresents your argument (i.e., setting up a "straw man") to make it easier to attack or refute. Having an understanding of basic logical fallacies can help you more confidently parse the arguments and claims you participate in and witness on a daily basis - separating fact from sharply dressed fiction. Informal: Informal fallacies are arguments that have irrelevant or incorrect premises.Formal: Formal fallacies are arguments that have invalid structure, form, or context errors.There are two types of fallacies: formal and informal. These mistakes in reasoning typically consist of an argument and a premise that does not support the conclusion. Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that may seem stronger than they actually are due to psychological persuasion, but are proven wrong with reasoning and further examination. Our guide on logical fallacies will help you build better arguments and identify logical missteps. While some come in the form of loud, glaring inconsistencies, others can easily fly under the radar, sneaking into everyday meetings and conversations undetected. When selecting project teams, individuals may attempt to sway one's decision to select team members based on their own biases.Logical fallacies - those logical gaps that invalidate arguments - aren't always easy to spot. The Ad Hominem fallacy can be seen in a more practical application during the course of the workday. The person making the comment may have stereotyped Jack or diminished his credibility based on that circumstance but, regardless, being in jail is not a direct indicator of level of knowledge. Jack's incarceration has no bearing whatsoever on his being correct or incorrect in his statement. Kemerling (2004) defines an Ad Hominem fallacy as, "The informal fallacy of supposing that a proposition should be denied because of some disqualifying feature of the person who affirms it." The following is an example of this type of fallacy from Wikipedia (2004): "Jack is wrong when he says there is no God because he is a convicted felon." As one can see, the reason for not believing Jack has no logical basis but is purely driven by the fact that he is a convicted felon. The first type of logical fallacy is called an Ad Hominem or personal attack fallacy. The first two are fallacies of relevance, whereas the third is an appeal to emotion fallacy. The fallacies to be covered are Ad Hominem or personal attack fallacy, Tu Quoque, which is also known as the 'look who's talking' fallacy, and the Appeal to Pity fallacy. According to Cline (2004), logical fallacies are "defects in an argument - other than false premises - which cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak." Discussed throughout this paper are three specific logical fallacies and their importance to critical thinking and decision making. In order to be a more effective problem solver, one should be able to recognize and avoid logical fallacies whenever possible. One aspect of particular significance is logical correctness. There are several important components to critical thinking.
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